Background: According to WHO and UNAIDS estimates, the prevalence rate of HIV infection in Sudan is 25% in 2016. The AIDS epidemic in Sudan is concentrated among the most vulnerable groups (Commercial sex workers and MSM). Materials and Methods: It is a descriptive cross-sectional community based study conducted at Omdurman Military Area among active duty service military personnel. The objective of the study was to establish baseline behavioral, knowledge and intervention program in relation to HIV/AIDS among military personnel. A sample size of 340 military personnel was determined using statistical formula. Results: The entire respondents100% is males, all 100% are Muslims and 100% of them had been circumcised. About 34.1% of the age group is between 18-24 years and 54.1% is between 25-49 years. Regarding education about 56.2% had basic school, 32% high school and only 11.8% illiterate. About 75% were married. The respondents were highly knowledgeable of HIV/AIDS, with 98.9% aware about AIDS, the main channel of hearing about HIV/AIDS is the lectures that had been done by the health workers (45%), however, only 13% heard about AIDS from peers. Only 35% of the respondents know about the symptoms and signs of the disease. Conclusion: Even though the respondent�??s knowledge about the disease was good but also there was some wrong believes. The study showed that circumcision, religion, marital status, and health education programs are significant predictors for HIV infections control and prevention. Key words: STDS, HIV/AIDS, military personnel, KAP.

Ruptured sinus of Valsalva (RSOV) a rare but well recognized entity commonly presents in young male with signs of heart failure. In this article, we report two patients of large RSOVs, who were treated through a percutaneous route with the duct occluder device (16/14) despite of being unusually large. Earlier such patients were treated surgically but with recent advancement of interventional cardiology more number of the patients can be treated percutaneously but only after suitable case selection, assessment of anatomy using transthoracic, transesophageal echocardiography and catheterization and addressing complications including aortic regurgitation, device embolization and obstruction of flow. Keywords: Ruptured sinus of Valsalva, percutaneous closure, duct occluder device.

Since who characterized COVID-19 as a pandemic, all scientists and clinicians studied the viral effects on the various organs and tissues of the infected patients. The virus irreversible binding to the ACE2 in the target cell in the lungs is the first step of the viral deleterious pathway to invade the target tissues. As the virus replicates and its number increase, the ACE2 in lung type II alveolar cells become inactive. ACE2 is also located in the arterial and venous endothelial cells and arterial smooth muscle cells in most organs. ACE2 is the enzyme catalyzing the conversion of angiotensin II to angiotensin (1�??7). The accumulated angiotensin II has a paracrine effect in the pulmonary system in increasing the mean pulmonary pressure and vasoconstriction affect the lungs. One of the suggested treatments is the use of low dose inhaled nitric oxide, which has minimal systemic effects. Keywords: Angiotensin II, Potassium, angiotensin (1,7), nitric oxide, covid 19

Primary Aldosteronism is the commonest cause of secondary arterial hypertension and is due to uncontrollable aldosterone secretion by a series of adrenal disorders. We describe a case of a 51-year-old male patient with uncontrollable hypertensive peaks in whom initial manifestation was ischemic stroke; he was diagnosed with Primary Aldosteronism (biochemically) and left adrenal gland mass measured 20�?11x13 mm. The patient underwent a left laparoscopic adrenalectomy. The patient was discharged home with well-controlled blood pressure and normokalemia. No clinical symptoms were reported in follow-up. In the present article, we describe the pathophysiology, diagnosis and treatment of the disease. Background Primary aldosteronism, which refers to the autonomous excess production of aldosterone, was once considered to be a rare disease. Now, with advances in diagnostic methods, Primary aldosteronism has been identified as the most common cause of secondary hypertension, with a prevalence ranging from 5% to 15% in hypertension patients, and an even higher prevalence in patients with resistant hypertension. Compared with essential hypertension patients, patients with primary aldosteronism are associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular comorbidities, including stroke, myocardial infarction, and atrial fibrillation, which are independent of blood pressure . Several studies reported that the rate of stroke was significantly higher in patients with primary aldosteronism than in patients with essential hypertension (12.9% vs 3.4%). Most importantly, these complications can be reduced by medical and surgical treatment. Studies have shown that for the majority of patients with benign surgical adrenal disease, laparoscopic surgery is now the gold standard treatment. The effectiveness of adrenalectomy has to be done with a fall of blood presure or allowing the withdrawal of all antihypertensive medications. Conclusion : That study compared the cardiometabolic outcomes between medically treated PA patients and EH patients, and showed a higher incidence of cardiovascular events (myocardial infarction, coronary revascularization, admission for congestive heart failure or stroke) higher mortality risk, diabetes and atrial fibrillation in MRA-treated PA patients than in EH patients. Further analysis showed that the incresed risk of cardiovascular events and related mortality was only present in PA patients with suppressed renin [4]. Clinical suspicion and the appropriate diagnostic approach are important for prevention of vascular events in patients with refractory hypertension.