Angiosarcoma of the head and neck is a rare malignant neoplasm. Approximately 50% of angiosarcomas occur in the head and neck; however occurrence of angiosarcoma in the oral cavity is extremely rare. This case report presents clinical, Computed Tomography (CT) and histopathological findings of a case of angiosarcoma of the soft palate. The malignant tumor occurred in a 56-year-old man who reported with pain and difficulty in swallowing food. An incisional biopsy was done. In the mean time, patient was advised CT Scan to know the extent of the tumor. Based on clinical features, CT and histopathology reports, a diagnosis of angiosarcoma were made.

Proximal type of epithelioid sarcoma is a rare variant which arises in deep locations such as pelvis and perineal soft tissue. It affects the middle aged to elderly and is more commonly seen in males. This entity needs to be recognized as it has a wide spectrum of differential diagnosis. Here, we discuss a case of proximal epithelioid sarcoma which presented as a large intraperitoneal multinodular mass with a radiologic impression of peritoneal sarcomatosis.

The skin and its appendages are components of the integumentary system. Particularly in dogs, the appendages are: the hair, claws, footpads, and sebaceous, sweat and mammary glands. Few studies report the initial development of these structures in domestic species. The present study aimed to describe the development of the integumentary system during the embryonic and fetal periods in dogs (Canis familiaris). Totally, 9 embryos and 31 fetuses were used for gross and microscopic descriptions. Macroscopically, the skin of concepts in embryonic ages had a translucent aspect, which allowed for the visualization of internal organs with a remarkable presence of blood vessels. The skin appendages were only identified in fetuses. Microscopically, in the embryonic period, the epidermis consisted of a single surface layer of flattened cells denoted the germinativum stratum or germinal layer. Later, a new layer form due the proliferation of keratinocytes to form the periderm. When the epidermis of the fetus was observed. There was more than one cell layer that developed between the germinal and periderm layers. In conclusion, the skin shows little development during the embryonic period, whereas its division into the dermis and epidermis and the formation of several cell layers is pronounced in the fetal period. Similarly, skin appendages developed during the fetal period

Introduction: Ageing leads to alterations and progressive changes in the skin structures. The data regarding many structural skin changes with ageing are conflicting in both humans and rats. The most recent correlative method between ages of rat with that of the human is using the developmental phase of rat‑life. Aim: The aim of the present work was to study the characteristics of the skin structures of the female albino rats at different ages based on the different phases of the rat life. This was done through histological, morphometric and electron microscopy study.
Material and methods: Forty eight female rats were used. They were divided into six groups. The studied groups were early weaning, late weaning, pre-pubertal, adolescent, adulthood and aged-phase groups. The histological sections were stained with Haematoxylin and Eosin, Orcein and Gomori’s trichrome stains. The morphometric measurements included: epidermal thickness (μm), dermal thickness (μm), number of hair follicles, number of sebaceous glands, elastic fibre optic density and average area of collagen fibres. Electron microscopy study was also done.
Results: The epidermal thickness increased in the adolescent group, but decreased in the pre-pubertal and adolescent groups. It became thinner and flattened in the adulthood and aged-phase groups. The epidermal cells, stratum basale, stratum spinosum and stratum granulosum were not affected by the ageing process. A relatively flattening of the dermal-epidermal junction was observed in the adulthood and aged-phase groups. The dermal thickness decreased in the adulthood and aged-phase groups. The hair follicles reached their maturation since the early weaning period. They were deeper in their position in the weaning, pre-pubertal and adolescent groups with decease in their mean number. In the adulthood and aged-phase groups, they became shallower and occupied higher position. The collagen fibres were found in the papillary and reticular layers of the dermis. The fibres were sparse and thin in the early weaning period group. After that age, the collagen fibres in the papillary layer were parallel to the surface epithelial, while the fibres in the reticular layer were arranged in the form of bundles distributed parallel and perpendicular to the surface epithelial. The average area of collagen fibres increased in the adolescent and adulthood groups, but decreased in the aged-phase group. The optic density of the elastic fibres decreased in the pre-pubertal and adolescent groups.
Conclusion: Many structural skin changes were observed in the adulthood and aged-phase groups. The epidermis became thinner and flattened, the dermal-epidermal junction became flat, the dermal thickness decreased and the hair follicles became shallower and occupied higher position. The average area of collagen fibres increased in the adulthood group, but decreased in the aged-phase group. All these changes result in impaired wound healing and impaired the formation of scars.

Aim: The present study was designed to evaluate the role vitamin E vs. melatonin in the prevention of the harmful effect of ischemia/reperfusion on the skeletal muscle of the adult male albino rat.
Materials and methods: forty-four adult male albino rats were used in this study. The rats were divided into four groups; each group consisted of 6 rats. Group I (control group), group II (ischemic/reperfusion group): ischemia was induced by clamping the right femoral arteries for two hours then the clamps were removed for 2 hours to induce reperfusion, group III (Vit E–treated group): the rats received Vitamin E injection one hour prior to reperfusion and group VI (Melatonin-treated group): the rats received melatonin injection one hour prior to reperfusion. At the end of the experiment, rats were sacrificed and samples from the right quadriceps muscles were subjected to biochemical, light and electron microscopic studies. The oxidative markers malondialdehyde (MDA) and glutathione (GSH) were measured in the muscular tissue.
Results: The skeletal muscle was markedly affected after induction of ischemia/reperfusion. The skeletal myocytes showed fragmentation, cytoplasmic lysis and degeneration. The nuclei were pyknotic and central. There were intercellular edema and exudation. The mitochondria were damaged and there was vascular congestion. The mean value of MDA increased, while that of the GSH decreased. The administration of vitamin E or melatonin showed marked improvement in the biochemical profile as well as the histological architecture of the skeletal muscle. However, the improvement was more obvious in the melatonin-treated group.
Conclusion: The protective effect of melatonin is superior to vitamin E in the protection of the skeletal muscle against the harmful effect of I/R.

The nuclei structure has a significant interpretation for cancer analysis in histopathological microscopic images. In this paper, we analyze hepatocellular carcinoma in 100x magnification from nuclear chromatin patterns. The multispectral imaging is a new potential technique for histopathology. It may provide an alternative to pathologists to see additional information. This paper utilizes multispectral images which have spatial and spectral information for nuclear analysis. The proposed framework is based on texture analysis of nuclei. The system aim to analyze the significant of multispectral bands for discriminating cancer and non-cancer nuclei. The textural features were extracted using Gabor descriptors. We present nuclei textural feature with 30 Gabor patterns at different scales and orientations. Bag-of-visual-word model with random forest classifier is employed to classify normal and cancer cells. Moreover, we remove irrelevant Gabor parameters using optimization algorithm, which achieve high recognition performance significantly. Experimental result shows that our approach achieves approximately 99% of classification accuracy.

The elevation of intraocular pressure (IOP) can be caused by the obstruction of flow in the trabecular meshwork and the age of the individuals has been pointed as one risk factor influencing in developing glaucoma. This study was designed to elucidate the morphological and ultrastructural changes in the trabecular meshwork of young adult Göttingen minipigs eyes after experimentally inducing a moderated chronic elevation of intraocular pressure lasting for over 14 months. The method used was cauterization of episcleral veins, located post-trabecular in the flow pathway and thus not affecting the cells located in the trabecular meshwork. The tissue was analysed using electron microscopy in control and experimental eyes. An increase in the amount of fibrillar material in the subendothelial region with a decreased optically empty spaces and an increase in rough endoplasmic reticulum (rER) were observed in the young experimental eyes. By experimentally increasing the post-trabecular resistance to the aqueous outflow, the present study showed that IOP elevation led to ultrastructural changes and thus concluded that changes in the trabecular meshwork can take place not only due to the advanced age, but by mechanical action on the cells as well.

Background: The volume shrinkage of the alveolar ridge might be minimized by the ridge preservation stagesand applied biomaterials, after tooth extraction.
Objectives: The aim of this study is to compare alloplastic with allograft in terms of preservation and bone regeneration of the alveolar ridge after tooth extraction.
Materials and Methods: This study clinically assessed this issue via the Split Mouth method which assessed 10 dental sockets filled with alloplasts and 9 others with allografts postextraction. The effectiveness of each material was clinically and histologically processed. The alveolar ridge width was measured by a gauge, before filling the socket and 2 months postextraction when inserting the dental implant. The histological process of bone samples were observed under light microscope at the time of fixture insertion to evaluate live and dead bone, trabecular, amorphous and non- osteoblastic. The changes in two groups in terms of the quantity underwent T-Test examination and the quality of bone regeneration was assessed using MANN-U-WHITNEY test. IRB and ethical approval was granted for our study.
Results: Minimal reduction of alveolar ridge widths were observed in both groups (reduction of alveolar ridge in the allograft group: 0.61 mm ± 1.06 and in the alloplast group: 0.85 mm ± 0.88) but the difference was not significant statistically (P=0.6); no significant differences were noted in vital (P=0.9), nonvital (P<0.8), trabecular (P<0.7) or amorphous (P<0.4) bone.
Conclusion: Both materials were equal in terms of the quantity and the quality of osteoblasts and both were the same in terms of live and dead bone. No major differences in the regenerated bone could be found between these two groups.

Cervical cancer is the third most common cancer among women. The bulk of the cancer burden is on low and middle income countries where screening is mostly opportunistic rather than systematic. Among the number of screening methods, cytology based screening using Pap smear test is by far the most widely followed and accepted method. In countries where organized screening using Pap test has been introduced, incidence and mortality caused by the disease has significantly subsided. Although the method is effective in controlling the disease, it poses a serious challenge in practical implementation owing to the fact that the method is resource intensive requiring trained professionals skilled enough to identify a handful of abnormal cells among few hundred thousand cells. This motivates the need for automating the screening methodology. Since the 1960-ies numerous projects have developed such automated screening systems leading also to a couple of commercial products. Still these have had limited impact on the screening situation in most of the world. This paper describes a screening system developed by our group in an effort of creating a cost effective screening system that could be widely deployed. The systems digitizes Pap smear slides and carries out cell level and smear level analysis on digitized smear and finally classifies the smear as either normal or suspicious. Clearly normal smears were screened out without any human intervention while suspicious smears were sent for expert cytologist review. A low cost monolayer slide preparation technique has also been identified which produces monolayer slides of quality comparable to that of commercial systems at much lesser cost. The computer aided Pap smear analyzer was validated at the Regional Cancer Centre (RCC), Thiruvananthapuram, India since May 2011. Since then a total of 1107 smears covering all abnormal and normal categories has been evaluated with a specificity of 60% and overall sensitivity of 80%. The system produces even higher sensitivity of 93% and 95% in HSIL and SCC grades respectively. Each slide used for validation has undergone two arm blind reviews, first by conventional manual cytology by qualified cytologists and second by automated Pap smear analysis. The accuracy of the automated analysis was benchmarked by using the manual review result as gold standard. The system has been found to reduce the workload of cytologist to almost 60% and has been designed to be operated by a semi-skilled person. A fully automated system can be builtbased on the results obtained by the present system by adding a slide loader, scanner, bar-code reader, sensors etc. which when designed and build cost effectively can increase slide processing throughput and reduce the dependency on human labour thereby significantly reducing the cost per slide making it feasible to extend screening to many more.

Background: Detection of multiple co-localized mRNAs by conventional chromogenic in situ hybridization is difficult because the first reaction product can obscure subsequent ones. Multi-color fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) offers simultaneous detection of multiple mRNAs but has low sensitivity and in cells of the central nervous system (CNS), is hampered by high background autofluorescence.
New method: Our method of sequential triple colorimetric in situ hybridization in whole-mounted lamprey brain, which has high background autofluorescence, uses three Alkaline Phosphatase (AP) substrates - Fast Red, 2-(4-iodophenyl)-5-(4-nitrophenyl)-3-phenyltetrazolium chloride (INT) /5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl-phosphate (BCIP) and nitro blue tetrazolium (NBT) /BCIP, to develop red, yellow-brown and purple-blue signals sequentially. To achieve sequential colorimetric in situ hybridization, we selected AP substrates that produce ethanol-soluble reaction products, such as Fast Red and INT/BCIP. The most important step is to wash away the current color before the next color is developed.
Results: Using this sequential triple colorimetric in situ hybridization method, we showed that the netrin receptors deleted in colorectal cancer (DCC) and uncoordinated 5 (UNC-5), as well as the repulsive guidance molecule (RGM) receptor Neogenin, are all co-expressed in some reticulospinal neurons of the larval lamprey brainstem. The sensitivity and specificity of the fluorescence method in whole-mounted lamprey brain, which has a high degree of autofluorescence, were greater than those of a commercial colorimetric method, the Tyramide Signal Amplification (TSA) Fluorescence Kit.
Conclusions: The non-fluorescent chromogenic method is a simple, sensitive and reliable alternative to FISH on whole-mounted tissue with strong endogenous autofluorescence. And this sequential non-fluorescent chromogenic method allows detection of three overlapping or co-localized mRNA targets without loss of sensitivity in the second and third rounds of detection, and without masking of lighter signals by stronger ones.

Obiective: To study the change of p53 expression in BEAS-2B cells malignant transformation process, and detect the role of p53 expression for lung cancer early diagnosis.
Method: BEAS-2B cells acute expose NNK at 500 μg/ml for 24 hours, and these cells (BEAS-2BNNK cells) were subcultured continuously in vitro, Biological characteristics and ultrastructure of them were studied with Colony formation assay and electron microscopy. The change p53 expression of BEAS-2B cells were detected by immunohistochemical method.
Results: The serum resistance was appeared in the 5th passage of BEAS-2BNHK cells and these cells could not grow into tumor in nude mice；The plating efficiency of the 15th passage of BEAS-2BNNK cells in soft agar (0.032%) increased 13.9 fold Compared with that of control group cells(0.0023%)P<0.001, the cells had the biological characteristic of transformation cells but could not grow into tumor in nude mice; The 25th passage of BEAS-2BNNK cells could grow into tumor in nude mice；The tumor cells were confirmed cancer cells by histopathology. The ultrastructrure also showed that BEAS-2BNNK cells were Transformed into cancer cells. p53 expression of BEAS- 2B cells were 10.7 ± 2.3%, but p53 expression of the 5th passage of BEAS-2BNNK cells were 43.3 ± 5.7%, the 15th passage of BEAS-2BNNK cells were 73.8 ± 5.2%, the 25th passage of BEAS-2BNNK cells were 92.4 ± 6.5%. The 5th,15th, 25th passage BEAS-2BNNK cells.VS. p53 expression of BEAS-2B cells, P<0.001.
Conclusion: The model of malignant transformation of BEAS-2B cells induced by NNK(500 μg/ml) established successfully. The change of biological characteristic and ultrastructure indicated that the malignant transformation of BEAS-2BNNK cell is a Chronic, multiple-step development process. p53 overexpression appeared early stage in BEAS-2BNNK cells which did not change into cancer cells. It indicated that p53 expression would be as a target for lung cancer early diagnosis, and it was beneficial to early-warning and mass screening of lung cancer in high-risk smoking population.

The epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is considered as a critical developmental process in cancer biology. TGF beta has been shown to play an important role in the induction of EMT via down-regulating E-cadherin and up-regulating vimentin expression in cancer cells. However, whether TGF beta induces EMT in cancer spheres has not been determined yet. To address this question, we generated breast cancer spheres from MCF7 and MDAMB- 231 breast cancer cell lines. These cancer spheres then were treated with recombinant human TGF beta for 24 and 48 hours, respectively in order to examine the expression of epithelial marker E-cadherin and mesenchymal marker vimentin. We find that breast cancer spheres enriched with E-cadherin and exhibit characteristics of epithelial cells by TGF beta stimulation. In addition, we did not observe TGF beta induces EMT in breast cancer spheres such as lose E-cadherin expression and gain vimentin expression. Our data suggested that TGF beta plays a different role in breast cancer spheres and cancer cells during EMT induction.