Pike are an important species and declines are a concern, because the species provides predatory balance to many lake ecosystems. The aim of the current study was to examine the testicular morphology and sperm parameters of the freshwater fish Esox lucius (pike). The present study was carried out on 18 male fish, species Esox lucius, which were captured from the beginning of September until of October, throughout the Danube River. Samples were processed for routine semen assessment by sperm class analyzer and light microscopy. Histological testis’ structure follows the general pattern described for other fishes. These descriptions are important for a better understanding of reproductive biology and phylogeny, for which data remain scarce in the literature. Middle sections of the testes were fully filled with spermatozoa different of other two parts as these results correspond with sperm motility. It can be concluded that recommended for insemination to use sperm from middle testicular part of Esox lucuis.

Curcumin exerted hepatoprotective influences on various animal models of liver injury such as carbon tetrachloride, endotoxin and thioacetamide. This Study aimed to investigate the protective effects of curcumin as compared to N-acetylcysteine in the rat model of acetaminophen induced hepatotoxicity. 55 albino rats were divided into four groups: group )control group(. Group II received acetaminophen. Group III received both acetaminophen and N-acetylcysteine and Group IV received both acetaminophen and curcumin. At the end of the experiment, liver specimens were processed for histological study by light microscope and stained immunohistochemically for detection of apoptosis in hepatic cells by using anti p53 and the oxidative damage by anti-inducible nitric oxide synthase (anti iNOS). Serum levels of liver injury markers were assessed as well as the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity were determined in all dissected tissues. Histological examination of liver sections of acetaminophen treated group revealed degeneration, cytoplasmic vacuolation and hydropic necrosis of hepatocytes. The central and the portal veins were dilated and congested and invading infiltrative inflammatory cells were appeared in association with significant increase in p53 and iNOS positive cells. Significant rise in serum levels of liver injury markers and MDA in liver tissues were recorded. However, levels of GSH and SOD were significantly decreased. Both curcumin and N-acetylcysteine resolved most of these morphological, immunohistochemical and biochemical alterations. Curcumin has protective effect similar to N-acetylcysteine against liver damage induced by acetaminophen in rats by reducing oxidative stress and apoptosis.

Aim: To evaluate the expression of MMP-2, MMP-9, MMP-14, TIMP-1 and TIMP-2 in Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 3 (CIN 3) and invasive squamous cell carcinoma.
Methods and Results: This study comprised three groups: Group 1: 55 cases with CIN 3; Group 2: 30 cases with CIN 3 and invasive carcinoma components; Group 3: 46 cases with invasive carcinoma. Protein expression was investigated in tumor and stromal cells by immunohistochemistry and percentages of immunostained cells were determined. The mean percentage of MMP-14 tumor cells was significantly higher in stromal cells in all groups. TIMP-2 and MMP-9 expression was significantly higher in stromal cells than in tumor cells. TIMP-1 had a significantly higher expression in stromal cells of carcinoma and tumor cells of CIN 3. Stromal cells expression of MMP-2, MMP- 14, TIMP-1 was increased with the severity of cervical neoplasia. The expression of MMP-2 in stromal cells that was higher in CIN 3 component of Group 2 than in CIN 3 of Group 1.
Conclusions: The increase in MMP-2 expression from CIN 3 to invasive cervical cancer reinforces their role in cervical cancer progression. From CIN 3 to invasive cervical carcinoma, TIMP-1 expression increased in stromal cells and decreased in tumor cells.

Objective: The study was to evaluate the adequacy and diagnostic accuracy of discarded residual materials of fine-needle aspirations (FNA) processed using ThinPrepTM on four different organs; breast, thyroid, lymph nodes and salivary glands.
Study Designs: Aspirated materials of these lesions were directly smeared on glass slides as routinely done. The needles used were then vigorously rinsed by drawing in the ThinPrepTM medium in order to obtain the needleresidual materials. The direct smears [the gold standard] were reviewed by pathologists on rotation and each was given a diagnosis as per routine testing. The needle-residual material smears [test method] were reviewed separately by one pathologist who was blinded to the diagnoses made.
Results: A total of 118 cases comprising 47(39.8%) breasts, 42(35.6%) thyroid, 25(21.2%) lymph node and 4(3.4%) salivary glands lesions were included. The overall diagnostic accuracy of needle-residual materials was comparable to the direct smears materials with overall kappa score of 0.653. Lymph nodes, breast and salivary glands diagnostic accuracy show good agreement (kappa: 0.769, 0.636 and 0.617 respectively). Moderate agreement was seen in thyroid (kappa: 0.569).
Conclusion: Residual materials left in needles have sufficient materials for cytological assessment for future molecular studies if needed.

Background: Idiopathic Inflammatory bowel diseases remain chronic progressive major health problem with no effective line of treatment. The aim of this work is to study the protective effects of both N. acetylcysteine (NAC) and ginger in acetic acid induced colitis model.
Material and methods: Fifty adult male Sprague Dawley albino rats were divided into five groups: control group (GI), group II (GII); acetic acid induced colitis group performed by giving 4% acetic acid intrarectally, group III (GIII); NAC treated rats from colitis, group IV (GIV); Ginger treated rats from colitis, and group V (GV); combined NAC and ginger treated rats from colitis. NAC and ginger were given by orogastric gavage. Histological and immunohistochemical studies using PCNA and i.NOS antibodies and morphometric analysis were performed.
Results: Colitis model group (GII) showed extensive inflammatory degenerative changes including mucosal ulceration, sloughing of epithelial cells, decreased goblet cell number and inflammatory cellular infiltration with enhanced mucosal and submucosal fibrotic changes. Also, it showed decreased PCNA positive cells and increased inflammatory i.NOS immunoexpression. NAC mildly decreased the fibrotic changes, however, ginger clearly restored the structural degenerative changes with an obvious increase in PCNA and reduction of i.NOS immunoexpression. Moreover, the colitis group, treated with both NAC and ginger, revealed the best regenerative effects.
Conclusion: Ginger showed superior protective effects than NAC as an anti-inflammmatory agent and a stimulant of epithelial regeneration.

Angiogenesis seems to be an early event that is associated with disease progression in cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN). The aim of this study was to describe and analyze VEGF-A expression in CIN 3 and invasive cervical carcinoma, in tumor cells and stromal cells. This study comprised three groups: Group 1: 53 cases with CIN 3; Group 2: 24 cases with both CIN 3 and invasive carcinoma components; Group 3: 36 cases with invasive carcinoma. Protein expression was investigated in tumor and stromal cells by immunohistochemistry. Statistical analysis was carried out, considering the mean percentage of immunopositive cells. VEGF-A expression was higher in stromal cells in cases of invasive carcinoma (Group 3) than in CIN 3 cases (Group 1) and this difference was statistically significant. VEGF-A expression showed a borderline association between stromal cells in invasive carcinoma (Group 3) and invasive carcinoma associated with CIN 3 (Group 2). The mean percentage of cells expressing VEGF-A was significantly higher in tumor cells in CIN 3 than in stromal cells in CIN 3 (Group 1). The progression of CIN 3 to invasive carcinoma seems be determined by complex interactions between tumor and stromal cells. These findings reinforce the evidence of the role of stromal cells in tumor invasiveness.

Background: Co-infection by Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) in women with Human Papillomavirus (HPV) infection has been shown to increase the risk of developing cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN). The present study was designed to analyze the association between HPV e CT co-infection and the severity of cervical neoplasia.
Methods: Two hundred fifty-one women with PCR-confirmed HPV infection were tested for CT co-infection by PCR, prior to cervical conizations due to CIN. Prevalence rates of CT and HPV types were reported for the histological diagnosis categories.
Results: The prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis was 15.1% (38/251). CT negative women showed a significant association between age ≥ 30 years and CIN 2 or worse diagnosis; this association was not found in CT positive women. In women < 29 years of age, negative for CT, the infection by HPV 16 /18 were detected in 50% of the women with CIN 2 or worse diagnosis and in 19.5% of women with CIN 1 or negative (OR=5.83; 95%CI: 2.19-15.57).
Conclusion: No association with CIN 2 or worse diagnosis was observed for Chlamydia trachomatis positive women for all age groups. These data can suggest that HPV type and no CT infection may correlate with risk for severity of histological diagnoses in younger women.

Assessment of thyroid swelling by Fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) is an established first-line diagnostic test. Marginal vacuole (MVs) in fine needle aspiration (FNA) smears stained by Leishman’s stain have been described as a characteristic feature of thyrotoxic goiter, but was also found in various nontoxic thyroid lesions. Although the exact nature of these MVs is not known, on electron microscopy they are seen as dilated endoplasmic reticulum which represents active pinocytic vacuoles containing colloid. The aim of the study was to examine the presence of MVs in diffuse thyroid enlargement and evaluate the strength of association between MVs, thyroid function status and cytological diagnosis. We examined seventy six cases of diffuse thyroid swelling. Cytomorphological features were observed with special attention to MVs and their density was graded as scant, moderate and abundant. The strength of association was studied by applying the Chi-square test; a P ≤ 0.05 was taken significant. Abundant MVs were not associated with hypothyroidism in this study; 73.3% of these cases were hyperthyroid. Interestingly, abundant MVs in thyroid FNACs were seen in cases of primary hyperplasia and Hashimoto's thyroiditis. The presence of abundant/moderate MVs correlated significantly with primary hyperplasia and the absence of abundant MVs was significant in colloid goiter. Scant MVs in diffuse goiters were not found to correlate with thyroid function. Thus, hormonal evaluation is essential in all diffusely enlarged goiters showing prominent MVs in order to rule out hyper functioning goiter.

Here, we present a rare case of a 78-year-old male with well-differentiated adenocarcinoma with lymphoid stroma of the colon. Colonoscopy revealed a type 0-IIa-like lesion located at the descending colon. We performed endoscopic submucosal dissection of the lesion. Histological examination of the resected specimen revealed that the tumor was comprised of well-differentiated adenocarcinoma with lymphoid cell infiltration accompanied by submucosal lymphoid follicle formation. Because of a positive for vertical resection margin, we performed an additional surgical resection. However, we found no residual tumor or lymph node metastases. To the best of our knowledge, this is a rare report describing a case of dome-type carcinoma with lymphoid stroma of the colon for which magnifying endoscopy with crystal violet staining and narrow-band imaging was performed.

Skeletal metastases from renal cell carcinoma (RCC) are common, but its metastasis to the digital extremities is rare. The lesion presents diagnostic and therapeutic challenges because of the mimicry of other benign skeletal diseases resulting in difficulties in prompt recognition of diagnosis. We here report a 62 year-old male patient with RCC metastatic to a metacarpal bone presenting with pain and swelling of left hand after 8 years’ follow-up at stable disease without any recurrences. The pathological cytology from the swelling site revealed findings consistent with metastatic clear cell carcinoma.

Background: Intestinal neoplasia is an uncommon cause of colic in the horse. Accurate clinical diagnosis is necessary to direct rationale intervention because equine intestinal neoplasms have widely varying prognoses and treatment requirements.
Case Presentation: A 23-year-old Missouri Foxtrotter gelding presented with a history of mild recurrent colic. Physical examination, abdominal ultrasound, and cytologic evaluation of peritoneal fluid were unremarkable. Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy revealed multiple tan raised masses in the duodenal mucosa. Histopathology demonstrated a well demarcated, multicentric, intramucosal spindle cell neoplasm arranged in an Antoni A pattern with no evident mitotic figures or necrosis. Immunohistochemistry was negative for desmin, smooth muscle actin, and the gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) marker CD117 (c-Kit). Tumor cells were uniformly positive for neuronal specific enolase and S-100. Based on distribution, morphology and immunohistochemical markers, the tumor was diagnosed as benign plexiform Schwannoma. The horse responded well to conservative symptomatic treatment.
Conclusion: Although uncommon, spindle cell tumors should be considered in cases of recurrent equine colic after more common causes have been excluded. Immunohistochemistry is necessary to definitively diagnose intestinal mesenchymal and neuroectodermal tumors. Benign tumors such as Schwannoma, neurofibroma and lowgrade GIST carry a good prognosis.

Background: The data of 21 cases of ischemic colitis, including 20 cases in previous reports and one case in this study, were reviewed and incorporated into comprehensive analysis.
Case presentation: Ischemic colitis occurred in 3-48 hours after colonoscopy in all patients, with the clinical manifestations of abdominal pain, diarrhea, bloody stools, and increased D-dimer levels. Endoscopic findings were mostly transient. The control measures included: reduced gas injection during examination, and timely withdrawal if excessive gas was injected; gentle operation and proper force used to maintain the colonoscope while retracting tissues; examination performed under intravenous anesthesia for nervous and anxious patients; blood volume supplement during intestinal preparation; and strict implementation of the rules for sterilization of colonoscopy.
Conclusion: Colonoscopy can lead to ischemic colitis, which should be brought to attention of endoscopists. For patients with ischemic colitis after colonoscopy, a second colonoscopy should be performed as soon as possible for diagnosis and timely treatment.