Drug misuse in pregnancy is a complex and increasing public-health problem. Estimates of drug misuse in pregnant women vary across the world and the populations studied. In the USA, the 2004 Survey on Drug Use and Health showed that 5% of American women reported the use of an illicit drug during pregnancy. In the UK, national estimates for pregnant drug users are lacking, but studies report that approximately a third of drug users in treatment are female and over 90% of these women are of childbearing age (15–39 years of age). A study comparing the profiles of pregnant drug users presenting to a perinatal addictions service in London (UK) found illicit heroin use (38%), followed by cocaine use (24%) as primary drugs of abuse, with polysubstance use common .

In recent years a substantial body of evidence has accumulated to support the notion that signaling pathways known to be important during embryonic development play important roles in regulating self�renewing tissues. Moreover, the same pathways are often deregulated during tumorigenesis due to mutations of key elements of these pathways. The Notch signaling cascade meets all of the above�mentioned criteria. We discuss here the pleiotropic roles of the Notch signaling pathway in three different self�renewing organs (intestine, hematopoietic system and skin) and how its deregulation is involved in tumorigenesis. The epithelium of the small intestine comprises post mitotic differentiated cells arrayed on villi and maintained by proliferative stem cells in the crypts

Respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) is an acute disease of preterm neonates and is caused by the deficiency of pulmonary surfactant. Surfactant deficiency can lead to alveolar collapse, atelectasis, impaired gas exchange, severe hypoxia and acidosis. Surfactant replacement therapy (SRT) is an integral part of management of preterm neonates with respiratory distress syndrome. The objective of the study was to evaluate the safety of early rescue surfactant replacement therapy in RDS. This was a prospective observational study conducted in a 17- bedded teaching and referral NICU of NMCTH over a period of 7 months

Endovascular procedures have become increasingly popular in many specialties, including neurosurgery. In this paper we aim to identify if the proportion of intracranial aneurysms (IA) treated with endovascular coiling has increased and if that correlates with a decrease in surgical clipping of aneurysms. The comparison between the role of Interventional Radiology and Neurosurgery in the management of intracranial aneurysms has revealed that endovascular coiling is rapidly becoming a more common procedure, and has become first-line treatment for unruptured IAs.

Stress is an inability of the body to balance between physical and psychological demands and the capability to fulfill them. Attention is a way for individual to process some information in limited number that is obtained through cognitive process. Tahajud as one of Islamic prayer can grow positive perception and motivation that can avoid stress reaction and increase attention. This study aims to determine the effect of Tahajud on attention postacute stress exposure. The retrospective study was conducted with pre – post-test control group design. The subjects were 38 students, divided into 2 groups (19 students per group), such as the control group that did not pray Tahajud routinely (KK) and the treatment group that prayed Tahajud routinely (KP).

It is widely understood that one of the challenges of pediatric medicine is seeing to the development of patients who, by reason of long-term hospitalisation, may miss out on educational experiences. This requires the profession to collaborate across disciplines. One of the most cutting-edge interdisciplinary topics in the social sciences is the application of understandings from the humanities to traditionally social scientific disciplines such as education studies. This paper proposes such a topic. It has often been observed that children enjoy literature. The role of reading in the development of reading ability is an important area of research.