Background: Bacterial Vaginosis (BV) is the common vaginal infection in women and it has been linked to enhanced risks for pre-term birth, pelvic inflammatory disease and sexually transmitted diseases. BV is caused by a disorder of vaginal microbiota which changes from the normal lactobacillus dominated community to a more diverse community of non-lactobacillus bacteria. Several previous reports analyzed the overall vaginal microbial communities of volunteers from limited sampling area and they suggested a possible link between the vaginal microbial contents and the ethnicity of women. Here, we analyzed the diversity of vaginal microbiota in 10 subjects associated with BV (BV+) and 10 subjects without BV (BV-) from the metropolitan area of Herbing in Northern China using full-length 16S rDNA. Results: The vaginal bacterial communities detected in subjects with BV were much more taxon rich and diverse than those without BV. At a 97% sequence similarity cutoff, the number of operational taxonomic units (OTUs) per 10 subjects with BV was nearly three times greater than 10 subjects without BV by 29.4 ± 9.3 versus 11.7 ± 7.8 (Mean ±SD). Our data confirmed that there is a shift in the abundance of bacterial species present in the vaginal environment when BV and non-BV groups were compared. Each sequence read was assigned to a genus or a species when possible. Principal component analysis was performed at genus levels. Most BV+ samples clustered together while there were two clusters among BV- samples. Several bacteria have been found to be associated with BV, including Gardnerella, Atopobium, Peptoniphilus, Leptotrichia/Sneathia, Prevotella, Parvimonas and Dialister, Based on result of classification, four possible novel phylotype microorganisms were found. Conclusions: The data presented here on the composition and richness of the vaginal microbial ecosystem in BV and health state will provide the depth insight in the etiology of BV.

Background and aim: Variation in the clinical outcome of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) induced pathology is multifactorial, involving a complex interplay between the host immune responses and pathogen virulence factors. Patients and methods: This study included 95 H. pylori infected patients who underwent endoscopy. They selected if culture and/or histopathological examination and rapid urease test were positive. All patients were examined for presence of cag E and LL-37. Results: Endoscopic findings in the patients were variable. The most frequent findings was gastritis 45.3% (43/95), followed by duodenitis; 36.8% (35/95), duodenal ulcer; 14.7% (14/95), esophagitis; 11.6% (11/95) and the least frequent one was gastric ulcer; 4.2% (4/95). Interestingly, cag E was positive in 27.4% of patients (26/95). As regards LL-37, its mean ± SD was 123.25 ± 20.26 ng/mL. Classifying studied patients into peptic ulcer and non peptic ulcer groups, cag E was positive in patients with peptic ulcer more than those who were non peptic (88.9 % versus 13%) (OR=0.019; CI 0.004-0.094) and P<0.001. The difference between two groups as regard LL-37 was statistically significant (CI 44.87-51.98), P<0.001. Conclusion: This study concluded that there was a strong association of cag E and LL-37 serum level with H. pylori-induced peptic ulceration in Egyptian patients.

We present two cases of acute Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) during pregnancy in Poland. Both patients were hospitalized due to premature rupture of membranes at 15 and 28 weeks of gestation and had antibiotic prophylaxy and therapy. The first patient was discharged on day 18 after the start of the infection but the second patient died after 4 days of hospitalization. Our data and a literature review show that extensive antibiotic usage in such patients may predispose to CDI despite a current lack of detailed studies.BV and health state will provide the depth insight in the etiology of BV.

Background: Haemophilus influenzae and Haemophilus parainfluenzae are commonly identified in the lower airways of patients with cystic fibrosis (CF). Little is known of the change in prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility in this population over time. We examined the epidemiology of both organisms over 15 years in our CF clinic.
Results: 1538 isolates from respiratory specimens of 349 CF patients over 15 years were investigated. Annual prevalence increased significantly for both bacteria, being more pronounced for H. parainfluenzae. Average percentage of resistant cultures increased by 46% (H. Influenzae) and 61% (H. Parainfluenzae). For H. influenzae, resistance to ampicillin was 34.4%, co-trimoxazole 21.4%. For H. parainfluenzae, resistance to ampicillin was 50.0%, co-trimoxazole 26.8%. Resistance in H. influenzae and H. parainfluenzae to ampicillin and in H. parainfluenzae to amoxicillin/ clavulanic acid and co-trimoxazole increased over the study.
Conclusion: This present study has shown an increased annual prevalence of H. influenzae and H. parainfluenzae in a large group of CF patients. Resistance to ampicillin significantly increased for H. influenzae and H. parainfluenzae, but increased resistance to amoxicillin/ clavulanic acid and co-trimoxazole was only significant in H. parainfluenzae.

Background: H. pylori antibiotic resistance is an important factor in the treatment failure, therefore is important to know the local pattern of this resistance.
Material and Methods: A total of 111 patients were studied. Ninety- one H. pylori strains isolated from patients, including 12 from children, having previous repeated treatment failure and 20 strains were isolated from naïve patients, were studied. Antibiotic susceptibility including those to tigecycline, was determinated by E-Test.
Results: In treated adult and children patients the resistance rates were respectively 81% and 91.6% for clarithromycin; 27.8% and 41% for amoxicillin; 67.1% and 16.7% for metronidazole; 38% and 8.3% for levofloxacin; 5.1% and 0% for tetracycline. Primary resistance, in naïve adult patients was 50% for clarithromycin, 10% for amoxicillin, 20% for metronidazole, 30% for levofloxacin and 0% for tetracycline. Tigecycline has shown good activity, in vitro, against H. pylori (MIC90 = 0.064 mg/L).
Conclusion: The resistance rates found in H. pylori, in our area, are very high both in naïve and treated patients. Few papers have reported the tigecycline susceptibility in H. pylori. The good activity and the lack of resistance to tigecycline found in our study, may consider this antibiotic a “rescue” therapy, saving the use of other antibiotics such as rifabutin, a drug used for the treatment of tuberculosis.