Approximately 20 people per minute are victims of intimate partner violence (IPV). Transgender individuals are at risk for being victims of IPV with some surveys identifying a 35% lifetime prevalence rate of being victims of IPV. Even though health care providers are encouraged to screen, most studies identify routine screening does not consistently occur. A simulation experience was developed to provide nursing students with an opportunity to increase their knowledge and comfort with addressing IPV in diverse populations.  In addition, this experience offered nursing students the beginning skills needed for screening vulnerable populations who are victims of abuse.

Keywords: Gender-based violence; high fidelity simulation training; learning; nursing education; nursing students; qualitative research; video consultation

Introduction:

Violence against women, or gender-based violence (GBV), is a worldwide genuine general medical condition. Practically 18% of ladies and young ladies matured 15 to 49 years who have ever been seeing someone encountered physical or sexual viciousness by a close accomplice in the past a year. Its pervasiveness is huge, and it greatly affects wellbeing administrations. GBV is by and large characterized as a savagery (physical, mental, or sexual) against ladies that is generally executed by cozy male accomplices or ex-accomplices. Female casualties of physical, mental, or sexual viciousness may endure (regularly peacefully) a wide scope of medical problems.

All medical services experts, particularly nurture, are often the primary contact for these casualties. Subsequently, they assume a basic function in GBV anticipation, early recognizable proof, nature of care for the person in question, and battling this overall general medical issue. Interestingly, GBV location rates are low, consequently, medical services suppliers who are prepared in GBV to enough help these casualties are critically required. Given the likely effect of future medical attendants for lessening GBV, nursing understudies may add to the avoidance, ID, and intercession of GBV casualties. Subsequently, they should be set up to react to this sort of viciousness.

Since December 2019, the COVID-19 pandemic has extended from Wuhan (China) to a developing number of nations. Social separating measures to guarantee control, including isolates, put weak populaces, for example, GBV casualties, in danger. Early information from China and a few influenced nations have indicated that GBV, explicitly aggressive behavior at home, has drastically expanded, exacerbated by the restricted everyday environments because of lockdown measures. Under these conditions, ladies are presented to brutality in restricted actual spaces, where family feelings of anxiety have expanded because of the negative monetary and wellbeing results of constrainment. Nonetheless, the expansion in GBV has just been exhibited in different pandemics that included isolate measures, for example, during the Ebola and Zika crises, or monetary emergencies. Accordingly, the appropriation of viable activities for handling this overall issue is fundamental. For instance, the Spanish government dispatched an activity control focused on ladies who were encountering GBV at home during repression because of COVID-19. Moreover, new modalities of giving consideration, for example, video counsels, are arising to keep away from COVID-19 contamination between medical care experts and patients. For instance, the National Domestic Violence Hotline is offering administrations through online visit or messaging to help GBV casualties in the USA.

A few examinations have featured the huge function of medical services experts in the avoidance of GBV and help to these casualties. As medical attendants are every now and again the principal contact for these casualties in most medical services frameworks, they are basic for GBV avoidance, early ID, and the board. Interestingly, a few examinations have exhibited that medical attendants are not enough set up to distinguish indications of viciousness or to think about these ladies. As per WHO proposals, all medical care experts should be prepared to sufficiently recognize and help GBV casualties. Also, these suggestions stress the requirement for early acknowledgment and search of emotionally supportive networks for these casualties. Along these lines, particular instructing and preparing systems on GBV are required for medical care experts.

In Spain, most nursing schooling plans remember particular preparing for GBV in their educational programs, despite the fact that the themes covered will in general be heterogeneous. In any case, nursing schooling is the initial step for giving a reaction to GBV. Since clinical consideration of GBV casualties is intricate, preparing mediations are expected to lessen the hole among hypothesis and clinical practice. Nonetheless, the projects actualized should be thoroughly assessed to check their right turn of events and the improvement of care for mishandled ladies.

A new methodical survey on successful instructive systems on GBV included dynamic procedures, for example, single meeting talks or classes, intelligent online instructional exercises, normalized quiet connections, peer schooling, theater, bunch conversation, pretend, and an entire day intuitive workshop covering hypothesis and practice. This audit proposed that intelligent instructive techniques were superior to hypothesis based methodologies, as they zeroed in on reasonable application for learning. In this sense, a high-devotion clinical reenactment philosophy achieves this prerequisite. Our investigation depended on the hypothetical establishment of clinical recreation, as its approach is viewed as a satisfactory system for preparing and assessing wellbeing sciences understudies, and is a powerful strategy for the improvement of obtaining of abilities. Moreover, this philosophy encourages the accomplishment of showing substance, assists with the recognition of instructive inadequacies, and advances the coordination of information and clinical abilities. Moreover, clinical recreation strategy urges understudies to consider viewpoints to be improved, making mindfulness about what they need to realize and do to improve their future clinical practice. Albeit a few examinations have approved its utilization with positive outcomes, clinical reproductions have been basically completed for preparing doctors in instances of sexual hostility. Nonetheless, there is just restricted exploration that has assessed recreation as a training system to get ready nursing understudies to survey patients encountering GVB and intercede. These examinations have been primarily centered around cozy accomplice savagery utilizing normalized patients. Thus, there is an information hole on the utilization of high-loyalty clinical reproduction for preparing nursing understudies about GBV.

The hospital environment aims at care for people with health disorders, who have specific needs. This service is delivered by professionals in various sectors within specific health units. Seriously ill patients need more specialized environments, which can guarantee the preservation of vital organ functioning and maintained clinical stability. In Brazil, two techniques to perform the bedbath are normally used: the traditional bath, using water and soap, and, in smaller scale, the disposable bath. Regardless the technique used, it is necessary to turn the patient from side to side to perform the complete body hygiene, and this is a possible way to modify the patients hemodynamic and ventilation, besides increasing the energetic metabolism and glucose consumption.  When we analyze special populations, like cardiological and oncological patients, it is possible to notice that despite the mobilizations, there is no substantial effect on the hemodynamic state, as we can see in some studies developed by our research group. More recently, it was demonstrated that this procedure can reduce blood glucose analyzed by the arterial blood before and after the bath. These data are crucial for nursing care, supporting decision-making and patient evaluation during the procedure, rendering a safer nursing care.

Introduction

The hospital environment aims at care for people with health disorders, who have specific needs. This service is delivered by professionals in various sectors within specific health units. Seriously ill patients need more specialized environments, which can guarantee the preservation of vital organ functioning and maintained clinical stability.

Intensive Care Units (ICUs) are sectors that have special equipment and trained people to attend to the needs of seriously ill or risk patients who require uninterrupted medical and nursing care⁾. Besides these resources, there are standards relating to the physical environment that have to be met to ensure appropriate care for these people. Regarding environmental temperature, Brazilian legislation demands that temperature be controlled between 21 and 24°C, with relative humidity between 40 and 60%. It is also important to note that an ICU is not restricted to the provision of life-support services, and that patients' needs for comfort and welfare should be prioritized.

In daily nursing care, however, some techniques are clearly relegated to the background. The explanation may be the fact that various professionals consider them less important; and thus delegate them to other team members. These techniques include the bed bath, a practice that involves complex expertise and that, if held in inappropriate conditions, may cause variations in patients' clinical state, whose implications can cause instability and risks to the patients.

In a review of scientific literature, it was observed that bed bathing is a matter of controversy among nurses. In a study on nursing aspects professionals recovered in health care, the aspect professionals most important was the bath, mentioned by 79.5% of the 88 participants in the study. However, in another study with 32 nurses in Rio de Janeiro (Brazil), which sought the meaning of the art of bed bath for nurses, statements that characterized the bath as an exhausting, manual and routine work were expressed, strengthening the idea of a non-prestigious procedure.

In the context of critical patients, any changes that may act directly or indirectly on the patient, even if small, can cause instability and worsening of the general state, since the act of turning upwards during the full bed bath, in combination with nursing interventions, may increase the body's oxygen demand. Moreover, it has been suggested that the tremors caused by the variation in water temperature cause variations in venous mixed oxygen saturation (SvO₂), leading to a greater energy need. Despite the lack of a standardized guideline for bed baths to critical patients, a recent systematic review demonstrated that these patients seem to benefit from some actions: avoid the bath within less than 4 h after cardiac surgery; try to be brief when positioning the patient in lateral decubitus; complete the bath within 20 minutes. Therefore, efficient planning of the procedure is needed, considering duration, water temperature and changes in the patient's position.

Thus, the purpose of this study, carried out at the ICU of a university hospital, was to confirm the following assumption regarding the bed bath, an essential nursing technique: controlling water temperature is more effective than not controlling the temperature during the bed bath by the nursing staff in order to reduce the average change in tissue oxygenation, measured by a pulse oximeter, in critical patients.

Objectives

The aims of the study were to measure the average change in tissue oxygenation through the pulse oximeter during the bed bath of critical patients, with and without the control of water temperature; to compare this change in tissue oxygenation; to evaluate the effects of water temperature on the bed bath of critically ill patients.

Method

Participant, quasi-experimental, before-and-after study in which the quantitative approach of biophysiological measures was used, represented by oxygen saturation through the pulse oximeter (SpO₂) measure, recorded in three blocks: before, during and after the bed bath of critical patients hospitalized at the ICU of a university hospital in Brazil.

A convenience sample of critical patients was recruited, set at 30 individuals through a sample size calculation. Patients were selected through the following eligibility criteria: patients of both sexes, aged over 18 years, admitted to the ICU, which were in monitoring of oxygen saturation by a pulse oximeter, classified as level II in the Therapeutic Interventions Score System-28 (TISS-28) and whose family agreed to sign the Informed Consent. TISS-28 is a pioneer system to classify patient severity and the nursing workload, created by Cullen in 1974.

In compliance with Resolution 196/96 by the Brazilian National Health Council, this study was submitted to a Research Ethics Committee for evaluation and approved under process number 0148.258.000-07. This Resolution contemplates all ethical standards set forth in the Helsinki Declaration of 1975. An Informed Consent Term was elaborated with data to identify the patient, identification of those responsible for the work, the research aims, the procedures for participating and the benefits that can be obtained.

To carry out this study, besides the material needed for the bed bath, an ICEL HT-208® thermo-hygrometer and its own thermometer unit were used, which permits checking the water, verifying environmental temperature, relative humidity and water temperature; water temperature was maintained through a Logen Scientific^® Hot Plate, lent from the Analytical Chemistry Department of a federal university.

One of the researchers collected all data through observation and recording of variations in SpO₂ and water temperature. These data were recorded every two minutes in a form containing: patient identification data, total TISS-28 score, water temperature, environmental temperature and relative humidity before, during and after the bed bath. In line with a thesis, the periods before and after the bath were set at 15 minutes before and after the procedure, respectively. Water temperature was measured and recorded from the beginning of the bath until the end of the procedure.

To maintain uniformity in collected measures, the pulse oximeter was placed on the index finger of the right hand of all selected patients. A glove was used on this hand to avoid interference from illumination in the ideal functioning of the oximeter, and to prevent its contact with water, which could damage it. Each patient was submitted to a control bath, carried out in normal conditions, and experimental bath, in with the water temperature was kept constant and heated to 40°C. The collected information was included in a spread sheet for statistical analysis.

It is important to assure that the measurement and selection risks were minimized so as not to interfere in the study result. The former was controlled by using the same instrument in the two measurements performed on each patient; the second was avoided through the use of a before and after research design.

Descriptive statistics included: media, median, variance, standard deviation and variation coefficient, Pearson's coefficient and percentage difference.

Statistical inference included a parametric test of hypotheses. The test chosen was student's t-test, appropriate to compare paired samples of equal variances. To carry out this test, the statistical package NCSS / PASS 2000 Dawson Edition was used, which permits one- and two-tailed testing, according to the alternative hypothesis formulated. The confidence interval used was set at 95%, and the level of significance (α) was previously fixed at 0.05.

Statement of the Problem:  Nursing management programs to improve nurse performance as measured by patient outcomes such as patient satisfaction or quality outcomes have proven difficult to sustain.  Many quality programs are implemented only to have temporary gains in patient outcomes.  This study describes a nursing leadership approach involving feedback to the individual nurse regarding their own patient’s outcomes, therefore engaging the nurse at a personal level for motivation to sustain outcomes.  Methodology and Theoretical Orientation: Motivation theory and professional practice models guide the theoretical orientation to this research.  This study was conducted in a large academic medical center with >1700 nurses receiving their own scorecards on their performance related to patient satisfaction and patient safety. Special emphasis was placed on positive nurse communication as a driver of patient satisfaction.  Patient responses on patient satisfaction questionnaires were matched using medical record numbers with the nurse caring for them in the hospital using the nurse assigned to them each shift as documented in the electronic medical record.  Analytics software was utilized to prepare the data for each unit manager to share with their staff.   Findings: Nurse Communication scores have increased to 89% and have been sustained since the implementation of the “Always Report”.  Nurses have responded positively to receiving feedback on their performance and unit leaders have responded positively to the use of the report as a feedback tool for coaching and motivating nurses.  The number of nurses on the “Always Report” continues to increase each quarter.   Conclusions and Significance:  Providing nurses with individual feedback on their performance contributes to sustained outcomes.  The implementation of a positive, proactive approach to feedback on nurse performance contributes to positive patient outcomes.

Keywords: clinical leadership, nursing leadership, CNL, care coordination, innovation, interdependency

Multifaceted nature, confusion, high paces of progress, genuine wellbeing and quality issues, and labor force deficiencies in medical services are a portion of the reasons why clinical initiative is significant. In spite of the fact that the future might be hard to anticipate precisely, history has instructed us that it is critical to plan medical caretakers for key functions in the medical services conveyance framework, both for present positions and for expected future chances. The test for clinical authority is the way to structure the information, aptitudes, and capacities required so that medical caretakers are situated to venture into jobs that are required, yet, for which there may not yet be conventional positions. One model is growing and hoisting the enrolled nurture (RN) function from conventional consideration conveyance to incorporating care, where they are working with independence, authority, and responsibility in overseeing and organizing care across orders and settings. Smolowitz et al examined 16 essential medical care rehearses that pre-owned RNs to the full degree of their extent of training in group based consideration and found that rambling and preventive consideration, persistent sickness the executives, and practice tasks were the three primary parts of RN exercises. They noticed that there is a convincing need to grow the commitments and enhance the extent of training of RNs in essential medical services for authority in interprofessional groups. The reason for this article is to imagine clinical authority open doors for three nursing jobs: explicitly, care organizer, clinical medical caretaker pioneer (CNL), and progressed practice RN (APRN), and examine a typical structure for administration advancement and schooling.

The changing face of health care

The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA) was passed and endorsed into law in 2010. Ensuing execution has added to reconfiguration in medical services conveyance, quickened the interest for medical care alongside a lack of key medical services experts, and opened up new and extended functions for attendants under new consideration conveyance models. Pointed toward broadening health care coverage inclusion, there are numerous arrangements of the ACA, including those intended to underscore avoidance and wellbeing, improve quality and framework execution, and control costs. Prominent among these angles are the formation of wellbeing homes and incorporation of care for people with ongoing sicknesses, enhancements in consideration coordination, accentuation on avoidance and essential consideration, interest in wellbeing data innovation, and testing of new conveyance and installment frameworks. Approved under the ACA for Medicare repayment, the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) has executed an activity to compensate intense consideration clinics with nature of-care motivation installments for the nature of care conveyed to Medicare patients. Called Hospital Value-Based Purchasing (VBP), this program bases installment (or delinquency) to medical clinics on how intently they follow best clinical practices and how well they upgrade patients' experience of care. The objective is to connect installment to a worth based framework that improves nature of care and isn't simply founded on volume of administrations.

These adjustments with regards to medical care conveyance have driven the need to supercharge RNs' authority information, aptitudes, and capacities and create focused on consideration coordination and joining capabilities for a more strong range of abilities that is coordinated to changing clinical initiative objectives. In view of ACA and VBP, there is a critical requirement for development and better administration of proportional association. Medical caretakers hold the focal ground for quality, security, and improving the patient experience. For instance, having brisk consideration centers associated with a clinic can diminish nonemergent patients looking for medical care on ends of the week and evenings in the crisis division and increment persistent fulfillment with not pausing. Nonetheless, to run easily, nurture clinical authority is expected to facilitate and incorporate consideration with partnered locales, for example, labs, imaging focuses, and drug stores.

The Faculty of Health, Education & Life Sciences recently hosted their 2nd Interprofessional Learning (IPL) conference, designed to enable students and staff to learn with and from each other. The conference runs across a nominated week, and programme teams from across the Faculty offers sessions that are delivered to students within their curriculum, but may be of interest to staff / students from other disciplines. All students and staff within the Faculty are able to register for as many sessions as they would like to attend.

The Faculty provides a wide range of courses, such as Nursing, Midwifery, Radiography, Social Work, Medical Ultrasound, Sports Sciences and Teacher Training. This enables a variety of sessions to be offered, such as ‘tackling homophobia in children’, ‘recognizing and reacting to the choking child’, ‘have a go at laparoscopy’, understanding an ECG’, ‘Yoga’ and bringing down a hanging body.

Each session is open to all within the Faculty. For students this enables inter professional interaction and the opportunity for learning from a different perspective. Students can learn about the professional background of the session provider, and appreciate the role and expertise of different professional groups. Staff have the opportunity to network, experience different teaching sessions and gain ideas for curriculum development and inter-Faculty working.

This paper will describe the IPL conference, the logistics of organization and how it is embedded into the timetables. Evaluations from staff and students will be discussed, as well as the lessons that have been learned and changes that will be made and taken forward.

The conference has the potential to offer students an extra-curricular learning experience and an increased sense of belonging to the wider Faculty. Students experience a diversity of backgrounds in attending the IPL conference, which increases satisfaction from the additional opportunities made available.

Keywords: Inter-professional learning; Nursing students; inter-professional collaboration; Team work

Introduction:

Inter professional learning (IPL) is tied in with taking in emerging from the connection between individuals (or understudies) of at least two callings. The idea of IPL isn't new, and in the course of recent years, it has become a necessary piece of numerous pre-and post-enlistment wellbeing and social consideration proficient projects all through the United Kingdom. The driver for this quick development in IPL action is the prerequisite for wellbeing and social consideration graduates to be capable with respect to bury proficient joint effort and group working in an assortment of setting. Bury proficient learning is upheld universally. The World Health Organization (WHO) proposes the reason for this is to create cooperative practice through which wellbeing laborers from various expert foundations cooperate with patients, families, carers, and networks to convey the highest caliber of care. This includes experts drawing in with whatever other individual who could add to conveying the ideal wellbeing objectives. The WHO suggests that this requests instructive or learning approaches which empower the improvement of cooperating with a typical reason, responsibility, and common regard. In medical care foundations, IPL 'financed' to persistent wellbeing where it improves comprehension of expert jobs; shares approaches learning and investigates distinctive learning and instructing inclinations. This adds to expanded familiarity with the effect of human elements on security that incorporates human and individual attributes which impact conduct at work, including parts of correspondence, group elements, and group learning. Helpless correspondence between colleagues and with patients or care examine sway adversely on patient wellbeing .Universities may battle with satisfying these IPE exercises all through schooling for medication, drug store, nursing, and unified wellbeing programs. A few reasons incorporate strategic hindrances, recognizing and making occasions in accordance with their understudy's educational program, and personnel understanding. Numerous IPE exercises center around clinical information or practice, which denies early long stretches of training based or information gapsin the understudy's schooling. Regardless, innovation presents a novel occasion to draw in understudies in IPE exercises. Bury proficient learning (IPL) is tied in with taking in emerging from the association between individuals (or understudies) of at least two callings. The idea of IPL isn't new, and in the course of recent years, it has become an essential piece of numerous pre-and post-enrollment wellbeing and social consideration proficient projects all through the United Kingdom. The driver for this quick development in IPL action is the prerequisite for wellbeing and social consideration graduates to be skillful with respect to entomb proficient coordinated effort and group working in an assortment of setting. Bury proficient learning is upheld around the world. The World Health association (WHO) proposes the motivation behind this is to create collective practice through which wellbeing laborers from various expert foundations cooperate with patients, families, careers, and networks to convey the highest caliber of care. This includes experts drawing in with whatever other individual who could add to conveying the ideal wellbeing objectives. The WHO suggests that this requests instructive or learning approaches which empower the improvement of cooperating with a typical reason, responsibility, and shared regard.

Purpose & Research Question/Hypotheses:

It is hypothesized that nursing student performance in educational and clinical settings are significant different when comparing continuous self-improvement (CSI) versus non-continuous self-improvement (NCSI) constructs.

Theoretical Framework & Rationale:

CSI students use three-dimensional processing in the classroom and clinical settings.  The three dimensions are:  "X" = outcome, "Y" application of critical thinking and concepts from theory (i.e., external), and "Z" deep level learning, knowledge, and personal growth (internal).  CSI nursing students focus on continuous self-development rather than course lecture and textbook material.  NCSI students are two-dimensional ("X" = outcome, "Y" application of critical thinking and concepts from external theory).

Method:

The Wooden Pyramid of Success Questionnaire (WPSQ) was used to differentiate CSI and NCSI nursing students.  CSI and NCSI students have completed the Big 5 Personality Factors, Conflict Handling scales, anger constructs, academic grades, patient education constructs, attachment style constructs engagement and disengagement scales, affective domain constructs, and compassion constructs.

Results:

Using the WPSQ to separate CSI and NCSI students into groups, statistically significant differences have been found related to personality, conflict handling, anger,  grades, patient education, attachment, engagement, disengagement, affective domain, and compassion.  Significant differences range from p=.001 to p=.03.

Nurses’ competence is based on the knowledge and skill taught to them. Nursing preparing is a blend of hypothetical and functional learning encounters that empower nursing understudies to gain the information, abilities, and perspectives for giving nursing care. Nursing instruction is made out of two reciprocal parts: hypothetical preparing and pragmatic preparing. A huge piece of nursing training is done in clinical conditions. In Iran and numerous different nations, clinical instruction frames the greater part of the formal instructive courses in nursing. In this way, clinical training is viewed as a fundamental and basic piece of the nursing schooling program. Since nursing is an exhibition based calling, clinical learning conditions assume a significant function in the procurement of expert capacities and train the nursing understudies to enter the nursing calling and become an enlisted nurture. Besides, the clinical territory of nursing instruction is critical for nursing understudies in the choice or dismissal of nursing as a calling.

In contrast to homeroom instruction, clinical preparing in nursing happens in a complex clinical learning climate which is impacted by numerous components. This climate gives an occasion to nursing understudies to adapt tentatively and to change hypothetical information over to an assortment of mental, mental, and psychomotor aptitudes which are of criticalness for understanding consideration. Understudies' presentation and readiness to enter the clinical setting are one of the significant elements influencing the nature of clinical training.

Since an ideal clinical learning climate positively affects the understudies' proficient turn of events, a helpless learning climate can effectsly affect their expert advancement measure. The capricious idea of the clinical preparing climate can make a few issues for nursing understudies.

The analysts' involvement with the nursing clinical instruction uncovers that nursing understudies' practices and exhibitions change in the clinical setting. This change can adversely influence their learning, progress in patient consideration, and expert execution. Recognizing issues and difficulties with which these understudies are looked in the clinical learning climate can assist partners with tackling these issues and add to them getting proficient just as their expert endurance.

Inability to recognize the difficulties and issues the understudies are confronted with in the clinical taking in climate keeps them from powerful learning and development. Accordingly, the development and improvement of their aptitudes will be affected. Studies show that the understudies' noneffective presentation to the clinical learning climate has expanded dropout rates. Some nursing understudies have left the calling because of difficulties they face in the clinical setting.

Numerous investigations have been done on the clinical climate. Some significant examinations have likewise been completed in our nation; nonetheless, a large portion of them have zeroed in on clinical assessment or stress factors in the clinical preparing. One investigation demonstrated that nursing understudies are defenseless in the clinical climate and this decreases their fulfillment with the clinical preparing. Also, the nursing understudies' absence of information and aptitudes in the clinical climate can prompt uneasiness. Yazdannik and partners found that nursing understudies experienced feeling of inadequacy in the wake of entering the facility.