This research attempts to application of three different plants extracts called Fraxinus excelsior L. (FEAE), Zingiber zerumbet L. (ZZAE) and, Isatis tinctoria L. (ITAE) as green inhibitors to mitigate the corrosion of mild steel in H3PO4 acid solutions. Some factors included in the current research such as acid concentration, inhibitor concentration, and temperature using weight loss (WL) and electrochemical measurements (electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, EIS, and potentiodynamic polarization, PDP). To confirm the performance of these plants extracts for protection of mild steel in H3PO4 acid, the morphology of mild steel without and with low and high concentrations of plants extracts was studied using the scanning electron microscopy (SEM). FTIR was used to demonstrate the adsorption of plants extracts components onto the mild steel surface. The results showed that the three extracts serve as excellent inhibitors for corrosion of mild steel in H3PO4. All measurements appeared that the corrosion rate decreases and accordingly the inhibition efficiency increases with increasing of inhibitors concentration. The FTIR and SEM surface morphology analyses provide evidence of formation of protective inhibitors film on the metal surface. The effect of temperature (30-60oC) revealed that the inhibitor film still protected the mild steel even at high temperature.  

The research of alternative processes to obtain clean fuels has become a main issue because of the concerns related to the current energy system, both from economical and environmental points of view. Hydrogen, a regenerative and environmentally friendly fuel with high calorific value, has attracted much attention by scientists. Although hydrogen is an attractive fuel alternative for the future, attractive methods for hydrogen production and storage must be employed to maintain its positive profile.

Therefore, to development of new technologies to generation hydrogen not base on fossil fuels is becoming more important to provide a clean fuel over the 21st century. Recently, generation of hydrogen for fuel cells by reaction of corrosion of metals with water or aqueous solutions reduces storage weight and/or volume over high pressure or cryogenic storage. Among all of them, Al is probably the most adequate metal for energetic purposes due to its high electron density and oxidation potential.

This study reports the estimation of H2 production rate by corrosion of aluminum alloys (Al-2024, Al-6061 and Al-7075) in aqueous solutions (HCl and NaOH) under different conditions using weight loss, hydrogen evolution, potentiodynamic polarization measurements and complemented by optical photography. The results showed a strong dependence of the H2 production rate on the solutions concentration, temperature, and type of the Al samples. In all conditions, the rate of H2 production and in turn the dissolution of aluminum alloys increases with increasing solution concentration and temperature.

Potentiodynamic polarization measurements appeared that the corrosion of Al alloys in HCl and NaOH concentrations is under cathodic control. The results of morphology investigation of Al alloys surfaces examined by optical photography before and after treatment in different concentrations of HCl and NaOH shows that Al samples seem to be rough due to formation of pits and intergranular corrosion. This may be due to the presence of some impurities which acts as cathodic to aluminum matrix and enhance the hydrogen reduction. Thus, there will be a galvanic action which leads to the formation of cavities on the metal surface. The surface roughness may also be due to the rupture of the protective oxide film. The discontinuous protective film leads to the direct exposure of the metal surface to the corrosive environment and there will be a material loss.

The carbohydrate antigen CA19-9 is a highly sialylated glycoprotein that has been intensively studied and proved its importance in the detection of pancreatic, ovarian, gastric or colorectal cancer. Its detection by electrochemical methods would be simple and more sensitive, but so far it is dependent on antigen-antibody interaction. We are reporting the electrochemical detection of CA 19-9 tagged with L-Histidine (CA199-His), taking advantage of the imidazole side-chain of histidine which is prone to electrochemical oxidation. The electrochemical oxidation of CA199-His molecules was investigated for the first time in our group with screen-printed (DS) electrodes modified with GO or TRGO and the results were compared with those obtained for bare DS. Before testing the electrochemical oxidation of CA199-His at the bare and DS modified electrodes, the L-Histidine behaviour was investigated by cyclic voltammetry in PBS electrolyte (pH values from 6 to 8). In all cases, the oxidation peak (around +1.1 V) is very broad, indicating a slow transfer of electrons between the DS surface and the analyte molecules. In addition, the interaction of CA199-His with graphene oxide and thermally reduced graphene oxide was studied by isothermal calorimetry and the results were correlated with the measured electrochemical behaviour.

In recent years, there has been an increasing demand for products of renewable origin with the aim of providing solutions to environmental problems. Biobased polymers are a innovative technology to replace traditional materials with ecofriendly substances. The new polymers are expected to exhibit similar performance to those of petrochemical origin. In this work, thermo-rigid polyurethane foams derived from olive oil industry sub-products, were evaluated by thermomechanical tests, to complement previous studies of chemical characterization. Biopolymers were synthesized by reacting 4,4'-diphenylmethyldiisocyanate with polyols derived from three low-quality oil fractions not suitable for human consumption: olive-pomace oil, lamp oil, and clear oil lees. Polyols were obtained from these oil fractions through a modification process that involves steps of epoxidation, hydrolysis and transesterification. In addition, samples of polyurethane foams using a commercial polyol of non-renewable origin, Jeffol G30-650, were made for comparative purposes. Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) tests were performed. The glass transition temperature values found for each sample were estimated at the beginning of the transition. The glass transition temperature values obtained by both thermal characterization methods and the analysis of the storage modulus profiles as a function of temperature, together with the results obtained in previous characterizations, allow to affirm that the synthesized polyurethanes have thermo- mechanical and chemical characteristics that make them suitable for low to moderate demand applications.

Whenever a discussion of bioethics is initiated for healthcare professionals a number of counter questions immediately arise - Are all medical professionals not ethical?  Do we need to be taught ethics?  Will the teaching of ethics make us better professionals? The answer to this is Yes, Yes and Yes. Many a time we end up doing unethical acts or are forced to perform an action that we know is morally wrong – yet find enough justification of circumstances to do otherwise.

The uncontrolled use of Biotechnology and Biomaterials in healthcare, becomes more challenging because now in addition to the biological concerns we need to understand the technical details and materials sciences as well. There is an urgent need, therefore, to have an understanding of Biosafety.

Biosafety deals with an approach that aims at preventing, minimizing or eliminating the hazards associated with activities such as research, production, teaching, technological development and utilization of biomaterials. The ethical way of practice is to minimize any risks that could jeopardize good health, the environment or the quality of healthcare being offered. When we consider the use of materials in the human body we must see that the material when applied to the body will not trigger a biological response, a chronic inflammatory reaction, foreign body reaction or toxicity, from interaction of the cell/tissue and the biomaterial. Despite all the claims, few materials, if any, are completely inert from the physiological point of view since, most of the components are having some toxic potential or are irritating. Chemical reactions during ‘curing’ or ‘setting’ might also produce undesirable effects. Unexpected side effects may occur in both soft and hard oral tissue as a result of contact with the material,  exposure to leachable components, or from by-products of galvanization and corrosion. Concurrent use of different alloys may lead to galvanic corrosion and ingestion of by-products may lead to local or systemic reactions. When implants are placed inside the human body we need to ask additional questions - What are the effects of the nano-sized particles on the osteo-implant interface ? Further studies of biosafety evaluation of nanoparticles with study of nano-toxicology but also the environmental safety and biomedical aspects must be carried out. The need of the hour therefore, is to have controlled clinical trials used to  check clinical response to materials. Even though these tests have limitations we must undertake all steps to maximize patient

safety because that is the an ethically-driven healthcare approach. Practice-based research networks and use of practitioner databases maybe additional approaches rather than just controlled clinical trials, but they must be conducted with care and suitable precaution.

Graphene-based materials were prepared by exfoliation of graphite rod with pulses of current. After preparation, the materials were used to modify two glassy carbon (GC) electrodes, denoted GC/EGr-1 and GC/EGr-2, respectively. The performances of each electrode toward Sunset Yellow (SY) detection were tested in laboratory solutions (pH 6 PBS) containing increasing concentrations of SY (3×10−7–1×10−4 M). The sensitivities, linear ranges and the limits of detection of the two electrodes were different. Hence, in the case of the electrode covered with graphene prepared in strong acidic solution (GC/EGr-1) the sensitivity was 0.017 A•M−1, the linear range between 6×10−6 and 1×10−4 M, the LOD was 1.8×10−6 M. In contrast, the electrode covered with the material prepared in weak acidic solution (GC/EGr-2) has higher sensitivity (0.021 A•M−1) wider linear range (1×10−6–1×10−4 M) and lower LOD (3×10−7 M).

The main problem is that using X-rays, we have determined the crystal lattices of different materials, and why they are so, and not others are not yet known. For example, copper crystallizes in the fcc lattice, and iron in the bcc, which becomes fcc on heating, this is used for heat treatment of steels. Copper does not change the crystal lattice when heated. There are many factors affecting the crystallization in the literature, so they decided to remove them as much as possible, and the metal model in the article, say so, is ideal, i.e. all atoms are the same (pure metal) without inclusions, without implants, without defects, etc. using the Hall effect and other data on properties, as well as the calculations of Ashcroft and Mermin, my main determining factor for the type of lattice was the core of the atom or ion, which resulted from the transfer of some electrons to the conduction band. It turned out that the metal bond is due not only to the socialization of electrons, but also to external electrons of atomic cores, which determine the direction or type of the crystal lattice.

The change in the type of metal lattice can be connected with the transition of an electron to the conduction band or its return from this zone. Phase transition. It is shown that in the general case, the metal bond in the closest packages (hec and fcc) between the centrally chosen atom and its neighbors is presumably carried out by means of nine (9) directional bonds, in contrast to the number of neighbors equal to 12 (twelve) (coordination number). Probably the "alien" 3 (three) atoms are present in the coordination number 12 stereometrically, and not because of the connection. The answer is to give an experimental test.

Concrete is the second most consumable materials in the world after water. Cement is the main ingredient of concrete, which has a significant role in climate changes and carbon dioxide emission. Based on carried out research

According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, IPCC, for production of one tonne of cement, about one tone of Carbon dioxide is produced. 

In this project, an innovative technology has been developed to make a novel cement that can be used in a broad range of construction applications.

This cement can be made out of several types of waste and industrial by-products which are normally available in both developed and developing countries.

In addition to competitive production costs, it can enhance engineering benefits such as increased strength, durability and sustainable revenue.

We first introduce a novel nanosize concept and a novel “nanotime” concept along with reviewing a series of novel phenomena and novel techniques related to nanosize effect and ultrafast process, which were recently discovered in our lab or were reported in literature. In these concepts, for the first time we are able to account for the non equilibrium, amorphous-like, and nonlinear nature of the current nanoscience and nanotechnology. In particular, we demonstrate that the structure instabilities of materials occur when a material system is limited to a space within a scale that is comparable to atomic distance. Such a nanosize effect is crucially dependent only on the nanosize but also on nanoshape or nanocurvature (including positive nanocurvature and negative nanocurvature). We also demonstrate that the structure instabilities of materials occur as well when the exchange of external energy with materials is limited to a time within a scale that is comparable to atomic vibration period. Such a “nanotime” effect can give rise to either soft mode or instability of atomic vibration in a condensed matter. The new concepts are very meaningful for control over fabrication and energetic beam processing of low dimensional nanostructures and nanodevices, especially for several potential applications related to nanoparticles, nanocavities, carbon nanotubes�?and nanowires.

The new concepts have similarly important implications for chemistry, biology, and medicine as demonstrated by immerging new findings about nanocavities and nanolaser irradiation. In particular, in biology and medicine, there are widespread research interests either in using nanocavity (shell-core) structure to design and build biology composites, biosensors, drug deliverer, and protein structures or in nano surgery via ultrafast nanolaser processing, both being operative at the molecular level dealing with the concepts put forward herein.

Flexible electrodes printed on stone paper (HP) and modified with gold nanoparticles (HP-AuNPs) and graphene (HP-Gr-AuNPs) were manufactured. Their electrochemical properties were studied by linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The obtained results indicate the beneficial effect of AuNPs and graphene: a low charge transfer resistance and a high apparent heterogeneous electron transfer rate, compared to the unmodified electrode (HP). In addition, the modified electrodes showed increased sensitivity towards 8-OHdG, such as 5.90 mA/M (for HP-AuNPs) and 9.29 mA/M (for HP-Gr-AuNPs), in comparison with the unmodified HP electrode (2.52 mA/M).