Although troponins, the calcium-regulatory protein for the calcium regulation of contractile function found in both skeletal and cardiovascular muscle, there are also isoforms of troponins which are expressed specifically in the heart. One of the best indicative tests; cardiac troponin (cTn) assays has been created by using these cardiac-restricted epitopes within these proteins. For the past decade, cTn has been viewed as the best markerfor acute myocardial necrosis: the indicator of acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Myocardial infarction (MI) is supposedly the presence of myocardial necrosis along with myocardial ischemia. The early recognition of MI is necessary for administrating anti-thrombotic therapy to minimize myocardial damage and preserve cardiac function. Elevated troponin levels in the absence of acute coronary syndrome should incite an assessment for alternative, non-thrombotic mechanism of troponin increment and direct management at the underlying cause. This review describes the clinical utilization of troponinas a biomarker for AMI suspected patients.

Alzheimer's is the most prevalent form of age induced dementia in modern societies as a neurological disease. Dementia is a rising socio-economic and medical issue with increasing life expectancy. The effect of Alzheimer's disease, including age, sex (females are most likely affected), genetic factor, head injury and Down syndrome has been correlated with several factors. By 2050, the number of people 80 years of age or older would be projected at about 370 million in the world and 50% of people 85 years of age or older suffer from Alzheimer's disease. The disorder is distinguished by the buildup of extracellular amyloid β plaques, neurofibrillary tangles consisting of truncated and phosphorylated protein tau, dystrophic neurites, synapse and neuronal losses, and prominent Gliosis involving changes in morphology and function of astrocytes and microglia.