Nowadays, the increasing number of unsupervised children working or/and living on streets has become one of urban social problems, particularly in developing nations. Ethiopia as one of the developing countries with rapid urbanization is also facing rapid increase in the size of street children. The purpose of the study was to investigate the factors that lead children to street, challenges they face on streets and their coping mechanisms with particular reference to street children in Nekemte town; a capital of East Wallega Zone, Oromia National Regional state of Ethiopia. Nekemte as one of the growing large urban centers in Western Ethiopia and due to its strategic location attracts large number of immigrants including street children. The study was qualitative in nature. Data were gathered through interview, focus group discussion and observation. Research informants were selected through snowball and purposive sampling. Twenty children were interviewed and two focus group discussions were held. The size was determined during data collection based on the principle of data saturation. Poverty was found to be the main factor that leads children to street as many children are working on street to support themselves or their families. Besides, abuse and mistreatment at home, harassment at school, urban life attraction, and displacement and peer pressure were also found to be among the causes. Street children face several challenges while working or/and living on urban streets. Difficulty of securing basic necessities of life, abuse by adults including police and older street children, stigma and marginalization, lack of toilet facility and place to bath and extreme weather conditions (cold and hot) were the main challenges they face. The study indicated that street children use both positive and negative coping mechanisms to overcome these challenges. Positive coping strategies include carrying personal belongings of passengers, engaging in various petty businesses, shoe shinning and doing errands of persons. The study indicated that most children try to survive engaging in these positive or socially acceptable coping strategies. Street children also resort to negative coping mechanisms when positive coping strategies fail to support children’s living, especially to get basic necessities of food, clothing and shelter. These strategies include: begging, stealing, selling sex, chewing and drinking alcohol.

In our research, we presented a statistical study about the impact of e-learning on the child’s psychological and physical health, and the importance of the study is to draw attention to the child’s psychological and physical health, which is essential in their influence at the academic level of the child on the elementary grades (kindergarten-primary stage), and most of the governments in the world have temporarily closed educational institutions, in an effort to reduce the spread of the corona pandemic (COVID-19), which led to their decision-making to convert urban classrooms into virtual classes as it had a great impact on children from kindergarten to primary. And the result was that e-learning had a negative impact on the health of the child, whereas, the result and data were obtained through a questionnaire that was answered by the parents.

This paper aims to scrutinize conceptualizations of gustatory sensation in contemporary Persian cultural pragmatic schema from a perspective of Cultural Linguistics. Several expressions in which gustatory terms are used reflect cultural metaphors where gustatory is used as a primary domain for conceptual mapping to the domain of emotion. Conducting a corpus-based analysis according to schematic’s model conceptualization of cultural cognition developed by Sharifian, this study indicates how gustatory sensation as English equivalent for Maze is conceptualized. This study also examines particular cultural categorizations of food. Human nature pertains to the concept of ‘gustatory’ in Persian and traces back the root of these categorizations to Iranian culture. The gustatory terms are also used to describe and categorize some things such as color and smell. All in all, the observations made in this paper support the view those conceptualizations of gustatory supply an interface for the interaction between sensory and bodily experiences (embodiment), human conceptual faculties, and cultural conceptualizations.

This study investigates the interaction of L1, L2, and L3 in the acquisition of English interrogative structures by Persian monolinguals and Kurdish-Persian Bilinguals across different levels of language proficiency in light of generative UG models (Full Transfer Full Access (FA/FT), Representational Deficit Hypothesis (RDH), Shallow Structure Hypothesis, Direct Access (DA), Missing Surface Inflection Hypothesis (MSIH), and Modulated Structure Building Hypothesis (MBSH). The participants were 108 learners, including Persian monolinguals and Kurdish-Persian bilinguals, assigned to lower intermediate, upper-intermediate, and advanced proficiency levels. The participants were then given two experimental tests (GJTandTT), to analyze the data; the inferential Statistics of ANOVA and Post hoc Scheffe tests were employed. The results indicated no significant difference between the performances of monolinguals and bilinguals at each level of language proficiency, yet the difference was statistically significant across proficiency levels; also, no single generative hypothesis can offer a comprehensive explanation of the whole process of L2 and L3 interrogative language acquisition. The results support the predictions made by FT/FA, DA, and MBSH and contradict with the predictions made by RDH, MSIH, and SSH.

Background: Access to primary care services in low-income rural and urban areas of Puerto Rico remains a significant public health challenge. Punto Esperanza Clinic (PEC) is a free primary care medical clinic in the urban area of Santurce, which is a densely populated, low-income area with a mixed local Puerto Rican and immigrant community. The present study aims to establish a sociodemographic and clinical profile of the patient population at PEC.

Methods: Sociodemographic and clinical data were collected from clinical interviews and surveys provided to participants over a two-year period from 2018 to 2020.

Results: The population (145) between ages 22-97 years that received medical care services at Punto Esperanza Clinic from January 2018 to March 2020, had a mean age of 60.6. In addition, 57.9% were males and 32.2% were single. The majority of participants received their income from government benefits (23.4%) and 90.1% lived in San Juan, PR. On the clinical aspect, the analysis based on reported medical conditions, categorized by body system, the leading cause of disease were cardiovascular disease (51.9%), this was followed by endocrine conditions (32%), psychiatric conditions (18.9%), gastrointestinal conditions (15%), respiratory conditions (11.3%), and immunological conditions (11.3%).

Conclusion: Given these results, more research is encouraged to examine current healthcare protocols and develop ways to provide better access to primary care in the vulnerable community around and near Santurce, San Juan, Puerto Rico in the future.