Political science is the scientific study of politics. It is a social science dealing with systems of governance and power, and the analysis of political activities, political thoughts, political behavior, and associated constitutions and laws. Modern political science can generally be divided into the three sub disciplines of comparative politics, international relations, and political theory. Other notable sub disciplines are public policy and administration, domestic politics and government (often studied within comparative politics), as well as political economy and political methodology, Furthermore, political science is related to, and draws upon, the fields of economics, law, sociology, history, philosophy, human geography, journalism, political anthropology, and social policy. Political science is methodologically diverse and appropriates many methods originating in psychology, social research and cognitive neuroscience. Approaches include positivism, interpretivism, rational choice theory, behaviourism, structuralism, post-structuralism, realism, institutionalism, and pluralism. Political science, as one of the social sciences, uses methods and techniques that relate to the kinds of inquiries sought: primary sources, such as historical documents and official records, secondary sources such as scholarly journal articles, survey research, statistical analysis, case studies, experimental research, and model building.

Education began in prehistory, as adults trained the young in the knowledge and skills deemed necessary in their society. In pre-literate societies, this was achieved orally and through imitation. Story-telling passed knowledge, values, and skills from one generation to the next. As cultures began to extend their knowledge beyond skills that could be readily learned through imitation, formal education developed. Schools existed in Egypt at the time of the Middle Kingdom.

This paper explored plastic waste management practices employed by rural households in rural households of Kingdom of Eswatini. It identified the types of plastic waste generated, estimated the average daily (and annual) amount generated, and established the different strategies employed by rural households in managing plastic waste. A semi-structured questionnaire, accompanied by an observation matrix, was used to solicit data from heads of households in Ezikhotheni and Zombodze emuva communities. Data on the types and amount of generated plastic waste (per household) were gathered for two consecutive months (December 2018 and January 2019) from the two rural communities. The results revealed that rural communities in Eswatini generate different types of plastic waste materials, and these include: Polyethylene Terephathalate (PET), High-Density Polyethylene (HDPE), Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC), Low Density Polyethylene (LDPE), Poly propylene (PP), Polystyrene (PS), Expanded Polystyrene (EPS) and other plastic waste materials layered from other plastic. On average, it was found that a rural household generates approximately 15.9 g of plastic waste per day, equating to about 5.8 kg per annum. Common plastic waste management practices found in these rural communities included; open burning, burying, reusing, disposing in backyard pit, indiscriminate disposal in the backyard, selling and upcycling. The study concluded that primitive traditional plastic waste disposal and management methods still characterize most rural households in Eswatini. However, modern and recommended plastic waste management practices were also observed in some households, particularly in Zombodze Emuva community.

Spatial resilience’ discourse can be used to guide the development of a conceptual framework for resilient place assessment. In this regard, a resilient place should feature a combination of physical and non-physical characteristics that can contribute to improved response and adaptation to a broad range of natural and manmade hazards. In this context, resilience is claimed to be the ability to adapt to varied risks and changes that threaten the quality of the functionality, liability, and vitality of a place. To further elaborate on the concept of resilient place, in a study, urban resilience literature were reviewed and conceptual framework for Resilient Place Assessment (RPA) was introduced. The conceptual framework of place assessment was developed concerning the constituent attributes of ‘place’ and ‘spatial resilience.’ In the proposed framework, the constructive dimensions of Resilient Place Assessment (RPA) include four dimensions, three of which are semantic resilience dimensions. Insights provided in this conceptual framework can be used by urban planners, designers, and policy makers in their efforts towards creating more resilient places.

The China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) makes up one of the largest foreign investments in the substructure of China’s ambitious Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). CPEC has become an unavoidable disquiet in South Asia with particular regard to Pakistan-India relations. The distinct transport corridor between Pakistan and China passes over Jammu and Kashmir, a disputed territory between India and Pakistan since 1947. Additionally, the Indian policy elite also anticipates CPEC’s economic and security implications for India. The emerging consensus in India appears that, far from being exclusively an economic and infrastructure development program, CPEC may be conceived as a longâ?term strategic initiative that seeks to convert China's current economic might into diplomatic influence. In comparison, Pakistan believes that CPEC will strengthen the economic, security and trade cooperation between China and Pakistan. Therefore, the paper attempts to answer the following questions: What is the Indian perception of CPEC? How does Pakistan attempt to shape the new narrative of CPEC? In the end, the paper will try to figure out some solutions for potential challenges.