DOI: 10.37421/2736-657X. 2023.7.191
Li*
DOI: 10.37421/2736-657X. 2023.7.201
Reefat Arefin Khan*, Syed Far Abid Hossain and Shamim Hossain
DOI: 10.37421/2736-657X.2023.7.202
Globally, the work practices of organizations are altering due to the COVID-19 pandemic and Bangladesh is no exception. The pandemic is not only directly affecting the profit margins of organizations but also the socio-economic situation of a country like Bangladesh. This paper aims to explore how and to what extent it is affecting the work processes, specifically HR practices, of Bangladeshi organizations. The research paper is a qualitative study based on secondary materials such as journal articles, e-books, and other published materials on the internet. The findings reveal that the roles of HR managers as well as employees are continually changing due to COVID-19. Most of the companies in Bangladesh have embraced the ‘New normal’ work practice. Consequently, the roles and responsibilities of the HR manager as well as those of the employees are drastically changing. The paper concludes that the changing work culture is increasing demands for techsavvy employees.
Can Jin, Xiao Xu and Long Mao*
DOI: 10.37421/2736-657X.2024.8.261
Lariane Botton
Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus is a major pathogen in cattle that contributes significantly to respiratory disease, especially in young calves and in those with compromised immunity. BRSV belongs to the Pneumovirus genus of the Paramyxoviridae family and is considered one of the leading viral agents in bovine respiratory disease complex (BRDC), a multifactorial condition also known as "shipping fever." This complex involves a mixture of viral, bacterial, and environmental factors, with BRSV playing a central role in the initial viral insult, often precipitating secondary bacterial infections such as Pasteurella multocida or Mannheimia haemolytica. The understanding of the pathogenesis and immune responses to BRSV is essential for developing better prevention, control, and treatment strategies.
Nelli Marina
The COVID-19 pandemic underscored the critical need for rapid, scalable, and effective vaccine production technologies. The unprecedented global effort to develop vaccines for SARS-CoV-2 led to significant advancements in viral antigen production, highlighting the capabilities of both prokaryote-based (bacterial) and eukaryote-based (cellular) expression systems. These systems are central to the production of viral antigens, which are crucial components of vaccines designed to induce an immune response. As the world moves beyond the pandemic, the demand for vaccines against emerging infectious diseases remains high, necessitating further improvements in the efficiency and versatility of these antigen production platforms.
Christopher Eva
Hepatitis B virus and Hepatitis D virus are two major pathogens responsible for liver diseases, ranging from acute hepatitis to chronic liver conditions, including cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. HBV, a DNA virus, primarily infects hepatocytes, while HDV, a defective RNA virus, requires HBV for replication. Infected cells are the primary targets for both the adaptive and innate immune responses, but the ability of these viruses to modulate and evade host immune detection complicates their pathogenesis. The interplay between viral infections and the host's immune system is central to disease progression and outcome. This article explores the intrinsic immune responses of HBV/HDV-infected cells, their interactions with innate immune mechanisms, and how this affects the activation of innate immune cells. HBV is a highly infectious virus that primarily infects the liver. The viral genome is circular and partially double-stranded DNA, and its replication cycle involves reverse transcription. HBV infection can result in chronic or acute disease, with chronic infection carrying the risk of cirrhosis, liver failure, and hepatocellular carcinoma.
Nuray Richard
Hepatitis B virus and Hepatitis D virus are two major pathogens responsible for liver diseases, ranging from acute hepatitis to chronic liver conditions, including cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. HBV, a DNA virus, primarily infects hepatocytes, while HDV, a defective RNA virus, requires HBV for replication. Infected cells are the primary targets for both the adaptive and innate immune responses, but the ability of these viruses to modulate and evade host immune detection complicates their pathogenesis. The interplay between viral infections and the host's immune system is central to disease progression and outcome. This article explores the intrinsic immune responses of HBV/HDV-infected cells, their interactions with innate immune mechanisms, and how this affects the activation of innate immune cells. HBV is a highly infectious virus that primarily infects the liver.
Arshi Yao
Hepatitis D virus is a defective RNA virus that requires hepatitis B virus for its replication and survival. Chronic hepatitis D is one of the most severe forms of viral hepatitis, characterized by rapid progression to liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. While global awareness of hepatitis B has led to significant advances in prevention and treatment, HDV infection remains a major global health challenge, with its clinical management remaining complex and limited by a lack of effective antiviral treatments. This narrative review provides an overview of chronic hepatitis D virus infection, its pathogenesis, clinical implications, and current treatment strategies, as well as emerging therapeutic options. Hepatitis D virus is unique in that it cannot infect the liver independently. It relies on hepatitis B virus for the production of its surface antigen, which is essential for the viral assembly and entry into hepatocytes.
Hick Jing
Japanese Encephalitis Virus is a flavivirus primarily transmitted to humans through the bite of infected mosquitoes, particularly Culex species. It is the leading cause of viral encephalitis in Asia, with widespread occurrences in countries such as India, China, Thailand, and Vietnam. The virus exists as several genetically distinct strains, with Genotype 4 (G4) emerging as a dominant and highly pathogenic variant in recent years. While JEV primarily affects humans and horses, pigs play a central role in the transmission cycle of the virus, serving as amplifying hosts that allow mosquito vectors to feed on high viral loads. Experimental infections in pigs provide valuable insights into the mechanisms of JEV transmission, pathogenesis, immune responses, and the potential development of vaccines. This article reviews the significance of experimental studies involving JEV Genotype 4 infection in pigs, exploring the findings and their implications for human health and disease control.
Chao Cai
Japanese Encephalitis Virus is a flavivirus primarily transmitted to humans through the bite of infected mosquitoes, particularly Culex species. It is the leading cause of viral encephalitis in Asia, with widespread occurrences in countries such as India, China, Thailand, and Vietnam. The virus exists as several genetically distinct strains, with Genotype 4 (G4) emerging as a dominant and highly pathogenic variant in recent years. While JEV primarily affects humans and horses, pigs play a central role in the transmission cycle of the virus, serving as amplifying hosts that allow mosquito vectors to feed on high viral loads. Experimental infections in pigs provide valuable insights into the mechanisms of JEV transmission, pathogenesis, immune responses, and the potential development of vaccines.
Bruce Manal
Vesicular Stomatitis Virus is a negative-sense RNA virus belonging and it has attracted significant attention in recent years due to its potential as a model organism for understanding viral pathogenesis, as well as its promising applications in gene therapy, oncolytic virotherapy, and vaccine development. Traditional methods for studying and engineering VSV have been limited by time-consuming and labor-intensive processes. However, the advent of synthetic virology, a multidisciplinary approach combining molecular biology, genetic engineering, and computational tools, has revolutionized the ability to rapidly manipulate VSV and other viruses for various research and therapeutic purposes
DOI: 10.37421/2736-657X.2023.7.172
DOI: 10.37421/2736-657X.2023.7.171
G Jacques Richardson* , and R Walter Erdelen
The authors peer into the future, after COVID-19 has passed (if ever). The growing human population remains the top concern-what systems analysts call a ‘wicked’ challenge and not soon resolvable. Returning to 2019 or doing nothing at all will not work obliging us to adopt a duo of interlinked strategies. First, reduce pressures on the environment; second, mend our socioeconomic habits, envisaging a world that was not before. Changes must be significant. We discuss eventual mechanisms to support the United Nations in efforts to make sustainability the key characteristic of our future on planet Earth. The wastrel’s reckless ways must cede to reason. How life is lived will decide if Homo sapiens can keep its home on Earth—or even continue to exist. Courage should prove key to a saner future. This may require the casting of new forms of multi-scale governance of our highly interrelated hyper-network at the level of Earth system. We also consider new arrangements for leadership such as multi-nation options, a regional setup, or a multilateral organizational scheme such as the UN’s. Further, paradigm change is suggested, linked to basic reform of the UN itself, various schemes for transformative change, a democratic world parliament or a cohabitation model. A Great Reset mechanism for the time during and after COVID-19 should there be such an era may facilitate the deep changes we need. In sum, profound reflections over the right developmental trajectory are essential for our future in ‘our’ time: the Anthropocene.
Virology: Current Research received 187 citations as per Google Scholar report
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